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Chapter 1 Introduction
Def) System
Def) Control System
Example)
Control systemÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù: 1)Á¦¾îÀÇ ¸ñÀû, 2) ÀÔ·Â, 3) Ãâ·Â, 4) control system components.
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Def) Input
Def) Output
Def) Control system components
Def) Objective of a control system

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Procedure to identify a control system
2. what are the inputs?
3. What are the outputs?
4. What is the control system?
Example: ¿ÂµµÁ¦¾î
inputs: reference temperature (¿øÇÏ´Â ¿Âµµ)
output: actual temperature (½ÇÁ¦ ¹æ¾ÈÀÇ ¿Âµµ)
control system:
Control systemÀº ´ÙÀ½ µÎ°¡Áö ÇüÅ·Π³ª´ ¼öÀÖ´Ù: 1) Open-loop, 2) closed-loop Control Systems
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Def) Open-loop control systems (nonfeedback control systems)
Def) Closed-loop control systems (Feedback control systems)
1-2 Feedback control systemÀÇ Æ¯¼º
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Def) Linear systems ¢¢ Non linear system
if 1) an input x1(t) produces an output y1(t) and, 2) an input x2(t) produces an output y2(t)
then, an input c1x1(t) + c2x2(t) produces an output c1y1(t) + c2y2(t) for all pairs of inputs x1(t) and x2(t) and all pairs of constants c1 and c2
Def) Time-invariant system ¢¢ Time-variant system
Def) Continuous system ¢¢ Discrete system
Chapter 2 Mathematical Foundation
Representation of the control engineering problem
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Laplace transform variable (s)¿Í z-transform variable, z´Â complex variable (º¹¼Òº¯¼ö)ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼, º¹¼Òº¯¼ö¿Í º¹¼ÒÇÔ¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °øºÎÇÒ Çʿ䰡ÀÖ´Ù.
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complex variableÀÇ Ç¥Çö
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Function of a complex variable
Analytic Function
Poles of a Function
Zeros of a Function
Engineering¿¡¼ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â Çö»óÀº ¹ÌºÐ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾îÁø´Ù.
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Àü±âȸ·Î
±â°èÀûÀÎ µî°¡È¸·Î
Forcing function?, independent variable?, dependent variable?
Def) Linear Ordinary Differential Equations
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is said to be a linear ordinary differential Equation if the coefficients a1, a2, ..., an+1 are not functions of y(t) and if y(t) and its derivatives are all of the first power.
Nonlinear Differential Equations
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First Order Dfferential Equations:
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À§ÀÇ 2Â÷ ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ x1, x2¸¦ Á¤ÀÇ Çϸé

(2-7)Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ µÎ°³ÀÇ 1Â÷ ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Def) State Equation and State Variable
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ state equation
Àº vector-matrixÇüÅ·ΠÆíÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.¡¡
Laplace TransformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» Ç®¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Æí¸®ÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
Definition of Laplace Transform
Def) Laplace Transform and one-sided Laplace Transform
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Laplace TransformÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ µÈ´Ù.
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¸¸¾à f(t)°¡ causal systemÀÇ outputÀ̶óÇϸé À§ÀÇ µÎ ½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ°í
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À̸¦ one-sided Laplace transformÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
Def) Causal System
Inverse Laplace Transform
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Important theorems of Laplace transform (Table 2-1)
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There are three cases:
2. Some poles are of multiple order
3. Simple complex conjugate
2-6 Application of Laplace Transform to the solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations
Laplace TransformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Linear ordinary differential equationÀÇ ÇØ¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ´Â ÀýÂ÷´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:
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Example 2-8, page 33)

Where us(t) is the unit-step function and x(0) = -1 and x (1) (0) = 2.
1. Laplace Transform
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2. Solve for output variable X(s)
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3. Partial Fraction Expansion
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4. Inverse Laplace Transform
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2-7 Elementary Matrix Theory
Definitions of a Matrix
Matrix Operations and Algebra
2-3Àý¿¡¼ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ state equationÀº vector-matrix ÇüÅ·ΠÆí¸®ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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Linear second order systemÀÌ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº state equationÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é,

where: x1(t), x2(t): state variables
a11, a12, a21, a22 are constant coeff.
´ÙÀ½°ú
°°ÀÌ state vector¸¦ Á¤ÀÇ Çϸévector-matrix ÇüÅÂÀÇ state equationÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

À§¿Í °°Àº ÇüÅ·Πp°³ÀÇ inputÀ» °°´Â linear nth order differential equationÀº n°³ÀÇ state equation°ú state variableÀ» °®°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ À̶§ matrix-vector ¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼ÒÀÇ Å©±â´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.
A: n by n
B: n by p
u(t): p by 1
vector-matrix ÇüÅ´ nonlinear differential equationµµ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÀϹݽÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.
2-10 Difference Equations
Digital control systemÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì À̸¦ ¼öÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ¶§, Difference equation¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À̸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. Difference equationÀº computer¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© differential equationÀÇ ÇØ¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Difference equation
Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.Analog system¿¡¼¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Difference equationÀº n°³ÀÇ first order difference equationÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼öÀÖ´Ù. Áï,

À̶ó ÇÒ ¶§, ÁÖ¾îÁø difference equationÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.
À̸¦ vector-matrix ÇüÅ·ΠǥÇöÇϸé,

discrete dataÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀû Ç¥Çö
1. sequence: u(kT), c(kT)

2. Using impulse train (Sampled data): u*(t), c*(t)
(2-176)ÀÌ
¹æ¹ýÀº sampler¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© continuous ½ÅÈ£, u(t)¸¦ discrete ½ÅÈ£, u*(t)·Î º¯È¯ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ discrete ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀûÀΠǥÇöÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ sampler
´Â analog-to-digital (A/D) converter¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥, ÀÌ ¶§ T¸¦ sampling period¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.Ideal Sampler
½Ä (2-176)
ÀÇ ¾çº¯À» Laplace transformÇϸéÀÌ
½ÄÀº s¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¼ö½ÄÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼, discrete systemÀº Laplace transformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ´Ù·ç±â°¡ ¾î·Æ´Ù.¡¡
Definition of the z-transform
Laplace transformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© differential equationÀÇ ÇØ¸¦ ½±°Ô ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ, difference equationÀº z-transformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ½±°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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½Ä (2-176)
°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â ½ÅÈ£ u*(t)ÀÇ z-transformÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ µÈ´Ù.
Example 2-21,22
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Some important theorems of the z-transform
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Table 2-3
Operation |
Theorm |
| Addition |
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| Multiplication by a constant |
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| Real translation (Time delay) |
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| Complex translation |
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| Initial value theorem |
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| Final value theorem |
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| Real convolution |
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Inverse Laplace Transformation
1. Partial-fraction expansion
2. Power-Series
3. Inversion formula
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2-1 Introduction
2-2 Complex-Variable Concept
Analytic Function
Poles of a Function
Zeros of a Function
2-3 Differential Equations
2-4 Laplace Transform
2-6 Application of Laplace Transform to the solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations
2-7 Elementary Matrix Theory
2-9 Vector-Matrix Form of State Equations
2-10 Difference Equations
2-11 The z-Transform
2-12 Application of the z-transform to the solution of linear difference equations
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Chapter 3 Transfer Functions, Block Diagrams, and Signal-Flow Graphs
Def) Impulse response
¾î¶² system
ÀÇ Impulse response´Â ´ÙÀ½ Á¶°ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À» ¶§ÀÇ Ãâ·ÂÀÌ´Ù:¡¡
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´ÙÀ½ Àü±âȸ·Î¿¡¼ ÀÔ·ÂÀ» v(t) Ãâ·ÂÀ» i(t)¶ó Çϸé
impulse response, g(t)´Â capacitor¿¡ ÃʱâÀü¾ÐÀ» 0À¸·ÎÇϰí, ÀÔ·Â v(t)°¡ unit impulse functionÀÏ ¶§ÀÇ Ãâ·ÂÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ´ÙÀ½ ¹Ì¹æÀÇ ÇØÀÌ´Ù.
Def) Transfer function: SISO(single input single output)
Linear time-invariant (LTI) systemÀÇ transfer functionÀº impulse responseÀÇ Laplace transformÀÌ´Ù.
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À§ÀÇ ¿¹¿¡¼ transfer function, G(s)´Â
Thm)
A linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be completely characterized by its impulse response (or transfer function).
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¾î¶² LTI system
ÀÇ transfer function G(s)°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À» ¶§, ÀÔ·ÂÀÇ Laplace transformÀ» R(s)¶ó¸é, Ãâ·Â C(s)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.
´Ù½Ã ¸»Çؼ, transfer functionÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁö¸é ¾î¶² ÀԷ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ Ãâ·ÂÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
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À§ÀÇ ÁÖ¾îÁø Àü±âȸ·Î¿¡¼,
Transfer FunctionÀÇ ¼ºÁú
Def) Characteristic Equation
Transfer functionÀÇ ºÐ¸ð¸¦ 0À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» ÀÌ systemÀÇ characteristic equationÀ̶óÇÑ´Ù.
SISO LTIÀÇ stabilityÀº charcteristic equationÀÇ ±Ù, Áï transfer functionÀÇ pole¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.
Transfer function (Multivariable system)
Block Diagram of Feedback Control System

Definition of Signals
c(t), C(s): output (controlled variable)
b(t), B(s): feedback signal
e(t), E(s): error signal [e(t) = r(t) - b(t)]
Definition of transfer functions
G(s)H(s): loop or open-loop transfer function
G(s): forward-path transfer function
M(s) = C(s) / R(s): closed-loop transfer function
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Block Diagram and Transfer functions of Multivariable Systems
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y2 = a12y1ÀÇ Ç¥Çö

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Def) Input Node (Source)
Def) Output Node (Sink)
Note:
Def) Path
Def) Fowrard path
Def) Loop
Def) Path gain
Def) Forward-path gain
Def) Loop gain
3-7 Signal-flow Graph Algebra
Signal-flow graph of a feedback control system

3-9 General Gain Formula for Signal-Flow Graphs
Def) Nontouching
General Gain formula (Mason¡¯s formula)
where yin: input-node variable, should be input node
M: Gain between yin and yout
N: total number of forward paths between yin and yout
Mk: gain of the kth forward path between yin and yout
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Pmr: gain product of the mth possible combination of r nontouching loops
or
?: 1 - (sumb of the gains of all individual loops) + (sum of products of gains of all possible combinations of two nontouching loops) - (sum of products fo gains of all possible combinations of three nontouching loops) + ...
?k: the ? for that part of the signal-flow graph that is nontouching with thekth forward path.