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Chapter 1 Introduction

  • 1-1 Control Systems
  • Def) System

  • A system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a manner as to form and/or act as an entire unit.
  • Def) Control System

  • A control system is a system that command, direct, or regulate itself or another system.

  • Example)

  • ¿Âµµ Á¦¾î ½Ã½ºÅÛ, ÀÚµ¿Â÷ + ¿îÀüÀÚ
  • Control systemÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ±âº»ÀûÀÎ ±¸¼º¿ä¼Ò´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÌ´Ù: 1)Á¦¾îÀÇ ¸ñÀû, 2) ÀÔ·Â, 3) Ãâ·Â, 4) control system components.

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    Def) Input

  • The input is the stimulus or excitation applied to a control system from an external energy source, usually in order to produce a specified response from the control system.

  • Def) Output

  • The output is the actual response obtained from a control system.

  • Def) Control system components

  • = control system - (inputs + outputs)

  • Def) Objective of a control system

  • The objective of a control system is to control the outputs in some prescribed manner by the inputs through the control system components.

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    Procedure to identify a control system

  • 1. What is the objective?

    2. what are the inputs?

    3. What are the outputs?

    4. What is the control system?

  • Example: ¿ÂµµÁ¦¾î

  • Objective: constant temperature (ÀÏÁ¤¿ÂµµÀ¯Áö)

    inputs: reference temperature (¿øÇÏ´Â ¿Âµµ)

    output: actual temperature (½ÇÁ¦ ¹æ¾ÈÀÇ ¿Âµµ)

    control system:

  • Control systemÀº ´ÙÀ½ µÎ°¡Áö ÇüÅ·Π³ª´­ ¼öÀÖ´Ù: 1) Open-loop, 2) closed-loop Control Systems

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    Def) Open-loop control systems (nonfeedback control systems)

  • An open-loop control system is one in which the control action is independent of the output.
  • Def) Closed-loop control systems (Feedback control systems)

  • A closed-loop control system is one in which the control action is somehow dependent on the output.

    1-2 Feedback control systemÀÇ Æ¯¼º

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  • 1-3 Feedback control systemÀÇ Á¾·ù
  • Def) Linear systems ¢¢ Non linear system

  • A linear system is a system which has the following property that

    if 1) an input x1(t) produces an output y1(t) and, 2) an input x2(t) produces an output y2(t)

    then, an input c1x1(t) + c2x2(t) produces an output c1y1(t) + c2y2(t) for all pairs of inputs x1(t) and x2(t) and all pairs of constants c1 and c2

  • Def) Time-invariant system ¢¢ Time-variant system

  • If the characteristics of a system do not change with time, then the system is said to be time-invariant, fixed, or stationary.
  • Def) Continuous system ¢¢ Discrete system

  • A continuous system is one in which the signals at various parts of the system are all functions of the continuous time variable t.
  • Chapter 2 Mathematical Foundation

  • 2-1 Introduction
  • Representation of the control engineering problem

    ¡¡

  • 2-2 Complex-Variable Concept
  • Laplace transform variable (s)¿Í z-transform variable, z´Â complex variable (º¹¼Òº¯¼ö)ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, º¹¼Òº¯¼ö¿Í º¹¼ÒÇÔ¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °øºÎÇÒ Çʿ䰡ÀÖ´Ù.

    ¡¡

    complex variableÀÇ Ç¥Çö

  • complex variable s´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ½Ç¼öºÎ¿Í Çã¼öºÎ·Î ³ª´­ ¼öÀÖ´Ù.

  • Function of a complex variable

    Analytic Function

    Poles of a Function

    Zeros of a Function

  • 2-3 Differential Equations
  • Engineering¿¡¼­ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ´Â Çö»óÀº ¹ÌºÐ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾îÁø´Ù.

    ¿¹)

    Àü±âȸ·Î

  • ±â°èÀûÀÎ µî°¡È¸·Î

  • Forcing function?, independent variable?, dependent variable?

  • Def) Linear Ordinary Differential Equations

  • A differential equation

    is said to be a linear ordinary differential Equation if the coefficients a1, a2, ..., an+1 are not functions of y(t) and if y(t) and its derivatives are all of the first power.

  • Nonlinear Differential Equations

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    First Order Dfferential Equations:

  • nth-order differential equation (nÂ÷ ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½Ä)Àº n°³ÀÇ 1Â÷ ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

  • ¿¹)

  • (2-7)

    À§ÀÇ 2Â÷ ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ x1, x2¸¦ Á¤ÀÇ Çϸé

    (2-7)Àº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ µÎ°³ÀÇ 1Â÷ ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

  • Def) State Equation and State Variable

  • Control-system À̷п¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ 1Â÷ ¿¬¸³ ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» state equation (»óÅ ¹æÁ¤½Ä)À̶óÇϰí, º¯¼ö x1, x2, ..., xnÀ» state variables (»óꝼö)À̶óÇÑ´Ù.
  • ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ state equationÀº vector-matrixÇüÅ·ΠÆíÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

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  • 2-4 Laplace Transform
  • Laplace TransformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» Ç®¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº Æí¸®ÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

    Definition of Laplace Transform

  • Laplace TransformÀº ½Ã°£(t)À» µ¶¸³º¯¼ö·Î °°°íÀÖ´Â ½ÇÇÔ¼ö¸¦ s (s = ? + j?)¿¡´ëÇÑ ÇÔ¼ö·Î º¯È¯½ÃŰ´Â ruleÀÌ´Ù.
  • Def) Laplace Transform and one-sided Laplace Transform

  • ½ÇÇÔ¼ö f(t) °¡ À¯ÇåÇÑ ?¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ÙÀ½À» ¸¸Á·ÇÒ ¶§

    Laplace TransformÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ µÈ´Ù.

    ¸¸¾à f(t)°¡ causal systemÀÇ outputÀ̶óÇϸé À§ÀÇ µÎ ½ÄÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¾µ ¼ö ÀÖ°í

    À̸¦ one-sided Laplace transformÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù.

  • Def) Causal System

  • ¾î¶² systemÀÇ inputÀÌ d(t)ÀÏ ¶§, ÀÌ systemÀÇ output f(t) = 0 for t < 0 À̸é, ÀÌ systemÀ» causal systemÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
  • Inverse Laplace Transform

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    Important theorems of Laplace transform (Table 2-1)

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  • 2-5 Inverse Laplace Transform by Partial-Fraction Expansion
  • There are three cases:

  • 1. All poles are simple and real

    2. Some poles are of multiple order

    3. Simple complex conjugate

    2-6 Application of Laplace Transform to the solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations

  • Laplace TransformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Linear ordinary differential equationÀÇ ÇØ¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ´Â ÀýÂ÷´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:

      1. ¹ÌºÐ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀÇ ¾çº¯À» Laplace transform
      2. Output¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¤¸®
      3. Partial Fraction Expansion
      4. Inverse Laplace Transform

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    Example 2-8, page 33)

  • ´ÙÀ½ ¹ÌºÐ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀÇ ÇØ¸¦ ±¸Ç϶ó

    Where us(t) is the unit-step function and x(0) = -1 and x (1) (0) = 2.

    1. Laplace Transform

    2. Solve for output variable X(s)

    3. Partial Fraction Expansion

    4. Inverse Laplace Transform

    2-7 Elementary Matrix Theory

  • Definitions of a Matrix

  • Matrix elements, order of matrix, square matrix, column matrix (column vector), row matrix (row vector), diagonal matrix, unity matrix (Identity matrix), null matrix, symmetric matrix, singular matrix, transpose
  • Matrix Operations and Algebra

  • determinant, cofactor, transpose, adjoint, equality, +, -, premultiplication, postmultimplication, Inverse, rank
  • 2-3Àý¿¡¼­ Á¤ÀÇÇÑ state equationÀº vector-matrix ÇüÅ·ΠÆí¸®ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

    ¿¹)

    Linear second order systemÀÌ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº state equationÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é,

  • where: x1(t), x2(t): state variables

  • u(t): inputs

    a11, a12, a21, a22 are constant coeff.

  • ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ state vector¸¦ Á¤ÀÇ Çϸé

  • vector-matrix ÇüÅÂÀÇ state equationÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

  • À§¿Í °°Àº ÇüÅ·Πp°³ÀÇ inputÀ» °°´Â linear nth order differential equationÀº n°³ÀÇ state equation°ú state variableÀ» °®°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ À̶§ matrix-vector ¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¿ä¼ÒÀÇ Å©±â´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

  • x(t), dx(t)/dt: n by 1

    A: n by n

    B: n by p

    u(t): p by 1

  • vector-matrix ÇüÅ´ nonlinear differential equationµµ Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÀϹݽÄÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.

  • 2-10 Difference Equations

  • Digital control systemÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì À̸¦ ¼öÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ¶§, Difference equation¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© À̸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. Difference equationÀº computer¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© differential equationÀÇ ÇØ¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¶§ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.

    ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Difference equationÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.

  • Analog system¿¡¼­¿Í °°ÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Difference equationÀº n°³ÀÇ first order difference equationÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼öÀÖ´Ù. Áï,

  • À̶ó ÇÒ ¶§, ÁÖ¾îÁø difference equationÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù.

  • À̸¦ vector-matrix ÇüÅ·ΠǥÇöÇϸé,

  • discrete dataÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀû Ç¥Çö

    1. sequence: u(kT), c(kT)

    2. Using impulse train (Sampled data): u*(t), c*(t)

  • (2-176)
  • ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº sampler¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© continuous ½ÅÈ£, u(t)¸¦ discrete ½ÅÈ£, u*(t)·Î º¯È¯ÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ discrete ½ÅÈ£ÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀûÀΠǥÇöÀÌ´Ù.

    ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ sampler´Â analog-to-digital (A/D) converter¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϴµ¥, ÀÌ ¶§ T¸¦ sampling period¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.

    Ideal Sampler

    ½Ä (2-176)ÀÇ ¾çº¯À» Laplace transformÇϸé

  • (2-117)
  • ÀÌ ½ÄÀº s¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¼ö½ÄÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­, discrete systemÀº Laplace transformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é ´Ù·ç±â°¡ ¾î·Æ´Ù.

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    Definition of the z-transform

    Laplace transformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© differential equationÀÇ ÇØ¸¦ ½±°Ô ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °°ÀÌ, difference equationÀº z-transformÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© ½±°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

    ¡¡

    ½Ä (2-176)°ú °°ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â ½ÅÈ£ u*(t)ÀÇ z-transformÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¤ÀÇ µÈ´Ù.

  • Example 2-21,22

    ¡¡

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    Some important theorems of the z-transform

    ¡¡

    Table 2-3

    Operation

    Theorm

    Addition

    Multiplication by a constant

    Real translation (Time delay)

    Complex translation

    Initial value theorem

    Final value theorem

    Real convolution

    ¡¡

    Inverse Laplace Transformation

    1. Partial-fraction expansion

    2. Power-Series

    3. Inversion formula

    ¡¡

  • Review of Chapter 2
  • 2-1 Introduction

  • Representation of the control engineering problem
  • 2-2 Complex-Variable Concept

  • Function of a complex variable

    Analytic Function

    Poles of a Function

    Zeros of a Function

  • 2-3 Differential Equations

  • Def) State Equation and State Variable
  • 2-4 Laplace Transform

    2-6 Application of Laplace Transform to the solution of Linear Ordinary Differential Equations

    2-7 Elementary Matrix Theory

    2-9 Vector-Matrix Form of State Equations

    2-10 Difference Equations

    2-11 The z-Transform

  • discrete dataÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀû Ç¥Çö
  • 2-12 Application of the z-transform to the solution of linear difference equations

    ¡¡

    Chapter 3 Transfer Functions, Block Diagrams, and Signal-Flow Graphs

    Def) Impulse response

    ¾î¶² systemÀÇ Impulse response´Â ´ÙÀ½ Á¶°ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À» ¶§ÀÇ Ãâ·ÂÀÌ´Ù:

      1. ÀÔ·ÂÀº unit impulse function, ?(t).
      2. ¸ðµç initial conditionµéÀº 0ÀÌ´Ù.

    ¡¡

    ¿¹)´ÙÀ½ Àü±âȸ·Î¿¡¼­ ÀÔ·ÂÀ» v(t) Ãâ·ÂÀ» i(t)¶ó Çϸé

  • impulse response, g(t)´Â capacitor¿¡ ÃʱâÀü¾ÐÀ» 0À¸·ÎÇϰí, ÀÔ·Â v(t)°¡ unit impulse functionÀÏ ¶§ÀÇ Ãâ·ÂÀÌ´Ù. Áï, ´ÙÀ½ ¹Ì¹æÀÇ ÇØÀÌ´Ù.

  • Def) Transfer function: SISO(single input single output)

    Linear time-invariant (LTI) systemÀÇ transfer functionÀº impulse responseÀÇ Laplace transformÀÌ´Ù.

    ¡¡

    ¿¹)À§ÀÇ ¿¹¿¡¼­ transfer function, G(s)´Â

  • Thm)

    A linear time-invariant (LTI) system can be completely characterized by its impulse response (or transfer function).

    ¡¡

    ¾î¶² LTI systemÀÇ transfer function G(s)°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À» ¶§, ÀÔ·ÂÀÇ Laplace transformÀ» R(s)¶ó¸é, Ãâ·Â C(s)´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù.

  • ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çؼ­, transfer functionÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁö¸é ¾î¶² ÀԷ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ Ãâ·ÂÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

    ¿¹) À§ÀÇ ÁÖ¾îÁø Àü±âȸ·Î¿¡¼­,

  • Transfer FunctionÀÇ ¼ºÁú

      1. Transfer functionÀº LTI system¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­¸¸ Á¤ÀǵȴÙ.
      2. ÀԷ°ú Ãâ·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ transfer functionÀºÀÔ·ÂÀÌ unit impulseÀÏ ¶§ÀÇ Ãâ·ÂÀÇ Laplace transformÀÌ´Ù.
      3. SystemÀÇ ÃʱâÁ¶°ÇÀº 0ÀÌ´Ù
      4. Transfer functionÀº ÀԷ°ú ¾Æ¹« °ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Ù.
      5. Continuous systemÀÇ transfer functionÀº º¹¼Ò¼ö sÀÇ ÇÔ¼öÀ̰í, discrete systemÀÇ transfer functionÀº º¹¼Ò¼ö zÀÇ ÇÔ¼öÀÌ´Ù.

    Def) Characteristic Equation

    Transfer functionÀÇ ºÐ¸ð¸¦ 0À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ¹æÁ¤½ÄÀ» ÀÌ systemÀÇ characteristic equationÀ̶óÇÑ´Ù.

    SISO LTIÀÇ stabilityÀº charcteristic equationÀÇ ±Ù, Áï transfer functionÀÇ pole¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.

    Transfer function (Multivariable system)

  • 3-3 Block Diagrams
  • Block Diagram of Feedback Control System

    Definition of Signals

  • r(t), R(s): Reference input (command)

    c(t), C(s): output (controlled variable)

    b(t), B(s): feedback signal

    e(t), E(s): error signal [e(t) = r(t) - b(t)]

  • Definition of transfer functions

  • H(s): feedback transfer function

    G(s)H(s): loop or open-loop transfer function

    G(s): forward-path transfer function

    M(s) = C(s) / R(s): closed-loop transfer function

  • Block Diagram and Transfer functions of Multivariable Systems

  • 3-4 Signal-Flow Graphs
  • y2 = a12y1ÀÇ Ç¥Çö

  • 3-5 Summary of the Basic Properties of Signal-Flow Graph
    1. Linear system
    2. °á°ú¸¦ ¿øÀÎÀÇ ÇÔ¼ö·Î Ç¥Çö
    3. Node y2 = a12y1 represents variables, ¿ÞÂÊ¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ Àΰú °ü°èÀÇ ³ª¿­
    4. ½ÅÈ£´Â È­»ìÇ¥ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î¸¸ À̵¿
    5. y2 = a12y1 does not imply y1 = y2 / a12

    ¡¡

  • 3-6 Definition of Signal-flow Graph
  • Def) Input Node (Source)

  • An input node is a node that has only outgoing branches.
  • Def) Output Node (Sink)

  • An output node is a node that has only incoming braches.
  • Note:

  • Any noninput node of a signal-flow graph can be made an output node.
  • Def) Path

  • A path is any collection of a continuous succession of branches traversed in the same direction.
  • Def) Fowrard path

  • A forward path is a path that starts at an input node and ends at an outputnode, and along withc no node is traversed more than once.
  • Def) Loop

  • A loop is a path that originates and terminates on the same node, and along which no other node is encountered more than once.
  • Def) Path gain

  • The product of the branch gains encountered in traversing a path is called the path gain.
  • Def) Forward-path gain

  • The forward-path gain is the path gain of a forward path.
  • Def) Loop gain

  • The loop gain is the path gain of a loop.

    3-7 Signal-flow Graph Algebra

  • Signal-flow graph of a feedback control system

  • 3-8 Examples of the Construction of signal-flow graphs

    3-9 General Gain Formula for Signal-Flow Graphs

  • Def) Nontouching

  • Two parts of a singal-flow graph are nontouching if they don¡¯t share a common node)
  • General Gain formula (Mason¡¯s formula)

  • where yin: input-node variable, should be input node

  • yout: output-node variable, should be output node

    M: Gain between yin and yout

    N: total number of forward paths between yin and yout

    Mk: gain of the kth forward path between yin and yout

    Pmr: gain product of the mth possible combination of r nontouching loops

    or

    ?: 1 - (sumb of the gains of all individual loops) + (sum of products of gains of all possible combinations of two nontouching loops) - (sum of products fo gains of all possible combinations of three nontouching loops) + ...

    ?k: the ? for that part of the signal-flow graph that is nontouching with thekth forward path.